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1. Introduction

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is releasing this Call for Participation (CFP) to solicit proposals for the OGC Federated Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure Pilot 2023 (FMSDI Pilot Phase 4). This CFP consists of technical overview, objectives, deliverable documents, components, capabilities, a master schedule, project management artifacts, Sponsor requirements, stakeholder role descriptions, proposal submission instructions and evaluation criteria, and an initiative architecture.

The responses to this CFP should include the proposing organization’s technical solution, cost-sharing requests for funding, and proposed in-kind contributions to the initiative. Responses should also include plans for activities to involve stakeholder representatives in technical solution development and testing. Participants may apply for any of the three threads or cross thread activities as listed in Section 3.
Once the original CFP has been published, ongoing authoritative updates and answers to questions can be tracked by monitoring the CFP Corrigenda Table and the CFP Clarifications Table.

1.1. Overview

Globally, we are currently facing many rapidly changing environments such as climate, computing, space commercialization, economics, to name a few. One of the significantly important aspects of these environments is our changing oceans and coasts, and correspondingly the diverse data associated with them, such as the sharing and exchange of data between land and sea systems, changing ports and shipping lanes, coastal changes due to storms, sea level rise, and many more. To better understand, adapt, manage, mitigate, and prepare for all these coastal and marine changes, OGC is calling for participation in the Federated Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure (FMSDI) Pilot Project that spans science, economics, logistics, and geospatial solutions while promoting the principles of Finding, Accessing, Interoperating, and Reusing (FAIR).
The Singapore Land Authority (SLA) and the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), also supported by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are interested in advancing spatial data integration to create future Digital Twins of Singapore’s coastal and marine environments. One of the compelling challenges of this work is to overcome the disparity between marine and terrestrial data systems and formats to enable interoperable and integrable systems and services towards digital twin development that will enable the creation of what-if scenarios and scientific and societal questions. 30% of Singapore’s land mass is less than 5m above sea level, hence the need for accurate, variational data that can address long and near-term decision making, experimental evaluation using digital twins and across diverse situations. This work will focus on storm surge, coastal flooding, and land areas including port infrastructure anywhere in Singapore. See Section 2.1 Digital Twin of Land and Sea Interfaces - Singapore for further details on this challenge.
Satellite imagery illustrates the dramatic loss of sea ice over the last several decades as air and water temperatures in the Arctic have warmed – one of many documented changes being tracked and reported annually. The loss of sea ice in the Arctic has led to accelerated ocean warming, stronger winds and currents, and accelerated shoreline erosion in Arctic communities (Moon et al. 2019). Ecosystems are adapted to the climate in certain areas, and climate change will therefore influence ecosystems. As an example, marine mammals and other marine species (e.g., Arctic seabirds) rely on the year-round or seasonal presence of sea ice. Other species (e.g., humpback, fin, and gray whales) migrate to the Arctic from more temperate regions to feed during the summer months. These species follow the receding sea ice edge and take advantage of the region’s immense summer biological productivity. This challenge is focused on the Arctic and development of geospatial data integration concepts that form the future of an integrated “Digital Arctic”: an integrated ecosystem allowing access, sharing, and use of any geospatial information set relevant for decision making in the Arctic region. Efforts through this work will contribute to the fundamental understanding of efficient and powerful spatio-temporal data integration and processing platforms through such concepts as Digital Twins, land-sea data integration, and climate change scenarios, among others. Please see Section 2.2 Digital Arctic Connecting Land and Sea for more details on this challenge.
In addition, we are challenging our Participants to demonstrate new uses of navigation data to advance the “Blue Economy”: the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, and ocean ecosystem health. What are the possibilities of fully exploiting land-marine geospatial information and how suitable is navigational data for use with other types of data? Shipping is rapidly adopting and advancing digital innovations, optimizing data solutions, and looking towards the next generation of navigation. What new uses and innovative capabilities could come from integration of all this navigation data and improved connectivity at sea? This challenge will concentrate on a Caribbean-based scenario but can certainly be coordinated with the other scenarios and challenges within this call. Refer to Section 2.3 Various Use Cases to Integrate Land & Sea in the Caribbean for more details.
Note: While this call for participation is separated into three distinct areas of interest we encourage cross-cutting solutions where applicable and desired. The deliverables from cross-cutting solutions would include a single Engineering Report (ER), video, and demo describing the work, not multiples of the deliverables for each study region.

1.2. Previous Initiatives

Since the areas of land and water are traditionally separated organizationally, the integration of data for the respective areas or their interface poses a particular challenge. On the one hand, this is due to different areas of responsibility and the resulting different data content and formats. On the other hand, the requirements for the factual characteristics of data and the location concepts on which they are based differ. As an example, while land-based objects are usually modeled using a local spatial reference system to define their height above ground, sea-based objects use both mean sea level and maximum tide height to define dispersion areas. These differences can play an important role in the modeling of floodplains and associated urban and land development.
This initiative is based on the result of the OGC FMSDI Pilot Phase 3 and Phase 1 & 2 which started in September 2021 until January 2023. These pilots again built on the works of prior OGC Collaborative Solutions and Innovation (COSI) Program initiatives, such as the Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure Concept Development Study, the Maritime Limits and Boundaries Pilot, and the Arctic Spatial Data Pilot.

1.3. Objectives

The goal of this Pilot is to advance the FMSDI concept to facilitate improved land-sea data systems, explore Digital Twin concepts related to coastal management, and imagine where interoperable land-sea, coastal, and navigational data can improve: climate change and impact understanding; disaster and storm mitigation and response; economic and land preservation; and might enhance the “Blue Economy”.
The overarching goal of the scenario development and exploration work is both to demonstrate interoperability with state-of-the-art concepts and technologies, and to develop design, setup, and maintenance guidelines for senior decision makers in particular. Demonstrations of information products will be made available persistently and individual components of the demonstration will be made accessible in the form of deployable software containers, as much as possible while respecting data and software licensing requirements.
It is widely recognized that standards play an essential role for data integration and processing. The Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles are key to integrate data from multiple sources and owners into analytical environments. This pilot shall explore how we can combine geospatial data at standardized interfaces with tabular data and live spatial data feeds. These data feeds, e.g. ocean monitoring buoys, weather sensors, and land systems represent key dimensions of integrated land-sea systems and related Digital Twins. How can we protect our coastal cities and lands, preserve our coastal food sources and port systems, and track changes over time from the Arctic, to Singapore, to the Caribbean? Vast amounts of data in the marine environment have been produced with navigation as the primary goal. Is that data fit for other purposes, such as search & rescue, environment, economics? What are the new purposes and use cases we can build with the data we have available?
OGC is exploring standards-based software architectures for marine environments as well as the land-marine interface as part of the FMSDI Pilot series. Previous initiatives of the FMSDI series conducted in 2021 and 2022 explored the capabilities of International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and OGC standards for marine data discovery, access, integration, and reuse. The corresponding use cases from the past Pilot series included marine protected areas and vessel routes in the Arctic, the Baltic Sea, and the North Sea.

2. Technical Overview and Architecture

Bidders are invited to describe ideas for crosscutting scenarios or individual scenarios specific to a region within their proposals. The final scenario will be mutually agreed upon by Sponsors and Participants during the execution phase of the pilot.
The scenarios that are developed by each Participant individually can address any aspect of the changing landscapes. Potential activities may include:

  • Demonstrating interoperability between land and marine data that is necessary to understand coastal environments and land-sea interactions.

  • General sensitivity to climate change.

  • Storm surge and disaster related impacts.

This initiative has three different threads that are designed separately; however, they are interconnected in the concept of an FMSDI model for land and sea. The connection can be seen in various fields such as architecture design, scenario definition, data analysis tools and component development. In this section, three different threads are described:

1) Digital Twin of Land and Sea Interfaces in Singapore;

2) Digital Arctic Connecting Land and Sea in Canada;

3) Integrating Land & Sea for Various Use Cases in Caribbean.

These three design elements are designed to meet the requirements of the Sponsors who are concerned about integrating land and sea for various use cases. The design of each thread influences the design of the others, and they must work together to create a functional, efficient, more sustainable and reusable FMSDI for connecting land and sea environments.

techarch
Figure 1. Left: Technical Architecture of the FMSDI Pilot (three threads and their cross relationships)

2.1. Digital Twin of Land and Sea Interfaces - Singapore

Digital Twin Challenge: Integration of Land and Marine data for Coastal Protection Planning, Critical Infrastructure Protection, and Resilience.
Geospatial data and interface standards are a foundational element of data integration and analysis.
These standards act as a catalyst toward achieving a Digital Twin of the land-sea interface. Since the areas of land and water are traditionally separated organizationally, the primary objective is to demonstrate how geospatial standards can better support interoperability of land and marine geospatial data. The work shall develop a proof-of-concept design that can be extended to an operational implementation by any jurisdiction. The proof-of-concept shall be structured such that it can be extended in future to cover more diverse scenarios with minimal modification.
This will be achieved through the investigation, development, and implementation of standards that can enable solutions for geospatial information discovery, access, management, sharing, predictive analytics, and use required to support decision making by diverse stakeholders. The project focuses on the use case of coastal vulnerability to storm surges. Both storm surge data and consequences on the harbor and land side will be evaluated. The main focus is on the integrability of data concerning the land as well as the seaside. It will be considered to what extent these data fit together in terms of content, modeling approaches, encoding details, spatial and temporal resolution, and accuracy. The results will serve as the basis for a variety of activities and analyses that require integration of land and ocean geospatial information. The exact characteristics of the use case will be defined within the first month of this project.
This effort will specifically explore the development and use of modern geospatial standards frameworks, such as OGC API, and relevant IHO and ISO standards, to facilitate land and marine geospatial data integration. Work will evaluate if existing modern standards frameworks are sufficient to support Singapore’s requirements related to land-marine geospatial data integration and, if found to be sufficient, demonstrate implementation within the context of the project use case. If current standards approaches are determined to not be sufficient, the project will outline recommended standards-development activities.

2.1.1. Scenario

As the impacts of climate change continue to increase in Singapore, a multi-dimensional Digital Singapore to address challenges around the discovery, access, integration and reuse of land and marine geospatial information is critical and must be resolved. This challenge will explore how geospatial standards can be leveraged to help and eliminate/reduce such challenges and identify potential opportunities for coastal communities, ecosystems, and economic activities in Singapore.

2.1.2. Detailed Requirements

This scenario shall address the following requirements:
Application Scenario and Use case - This scenario will explore a storm surge event incorporating the detailed requirements as well as the corresponding research questions listed in this section. The storm surge leads to flooding of coastal zones and land areas, including port infrastructure. Continued climate change may even lead to inundation, where rising sea levels lead to currently dry land areas to be permanently submerged. In order to achieve a visualization as close to reality as possible, 3D or even better 4-dimensional data (3D + time) should be integrated.
The scenario can be located at any location in Singapore and will follow recommendations by the Sponsor. The scenario may be extended or modified based on input from participating organizations.

Other requirements are described below:

  • Challenge the OGC community to explore the practicalities related to the 3D/4D Digital Twin Concept. Practicalities may include aspects such as multi-vendor data discovery and integration of data over space and time, expressivity of metadata concepts for data and services, common patterns for API design and data modeling, stability of link-systems for linked resources and other aspects of daily multi-user shared data environments.

  • Test implementations of both OGC APIs and IHO S.1xx standards interoperability with other S-100 product specifications and land data models, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM).

  • Demonstration of software and standards capabilities using deployed service instances and client applications.

  • Influence the standards development communities in IHO, OGC, and ISO to ensure fit for purpose curation/development of standards.

  • Support the IHO-Singapore Innovation and Technology Laboratory and continued work by IHO, OGC, United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM), and ISO.

  • The demonstration scenario shall include aspects such as possible:

    • data acquisition gaps in nearshore areas.

    • data integration challenges due to horizontal and vertical object misalignments.

    • data integration challenges due to conflicting data models and characteristics.

  • Gain immediate insight into the potential of existing modern geospatial standards frameworks for supporting diverse activities requiring land and marine geospatial data and sensor information.

  • Identify potential improvements to, or the creation of, new geospatial standards to better enable land-marine geospatial data integration for activities within Singapore and internationally.

  • Identify and demonstrate (where reasonable) strategies to improve Singapore’s ability to support discovery, accessibility, sharing, and use of land and marine geospatial information.

  • Understand how modern geospatial standards frameworks can improve Singapore’s ability to collaborate with key partners domestically and internationally in support of land and marine activities.

  • Include the ability to demonstrate the standards interoperability at the application level. Note: There can be access to some data sets, or simulated data if necessary, as required by the scenario.

2.1.3. Research Questions

The following research questions complement the requirement listed above and serve as guiding principles for the performance of the Pilot initiative. They serve as a basis for the definition of the scenario, although depending on the scenario characteristics and level of detail, it may not be possible to fully answer all research questions.

  • What experiences have been made while working with data for coastal environmental areas and built environments?

  • What data is needed to generate a complete scenario? Were all these data available and could be integrated successfully?

  • How can live sensor feeds or sensor hardware be integrated into the scenario?

  • How can Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) be used for data integration and data analytics? What role can AI/ML play in these types of multi-source scenario evaluation projects?

  • Which areas have been identified as particularly vulnerable to storm surges and rising sea levels? Where are most people affected?

  • What is the best way to visualize the land and sea components? How can the temporal component be considered?

  • How easy is it to connect to existing platforms (e.g., OneMap, GeoSpace-Sea)?

  • How to connect to BIM/CityGML and existing urban digital twins? Are there any data and/or interoperability gaps?

  • Which OGC APIs standards (e.g., Features, Maps), IHO standards (e.g., S-122, S-412) and ISO standards (LADM Part 3: Marine Georegulation) should be included?

  • How does this work help refine the concept of a digital twin for Land and Sea in the context of Singapore and internationally?

2.1.4. Deliverables

Appendix A includes the list of all deliverables and more details on each one of them. For more information on the "Pilot organization", please refer to Section 4; and, for more details on "Results and Outcomes", please see Section 4.6.

Table 1. List of Deliverables for the Singapore Thread
ID Component Name Description

D001

Pilot Summary ER

The Engineering Report (ER) will capture all results and experiences from this project. It shall respond to all requirements listed above. The ER shall contain a plain language executive summary to clearly outline the motivations, goals, and critical outcomes of this initiative and briefly describe the requirement, planning, and execution of the Pilot. The ER will be published by OGC at the end of the project.

D100

Persistent Demonstration - Singapore

Demonstration of the Pilot scenario as implemented by Participant. The demonstration will be delivered in the form of a live demonstration with corresponding screen captured video with voice-over. Services and web-based clients implemented during the project will be made available to the Sponsor, including persistent demonstration capabilities. A final, self-produced summary video based on the screen capture material delivered by the Participants and including a summary of the work accomplished is required by the OGC Singapore Member Meeting the week of September 25th, 2023. For more information on this see Section 4.6.5.

2.2. Digital Arctic Connecting Land and Sea - Canada

Satellite imagery illustrates the dramatic loss of sea ice over the last several decades as air and water temperatures in the Arctic have warmed. The loss of sea ice in the Arctic has led to accelerated ocean warming, stronger winds and currents, and accelerated shoreline erosion in Arctic communities (Moon et al. 2019). Ecosystems are adapted to the climate in certain areas, and climate change will therefore influence ecosystems. As an example, marine mammals and other marine species (e.g., Arctic seabirds) rely on the year-round or seasonal presence of sea ice. Other species (e.g., humpback, fin, and gray whales) migrate to the Arctic from more temperate regions to feed during the summer months. These species follow the receding sea ice edge and take advantage of the region’s immense summer biological productivity.
As the impacts of climate change continue to increase, a multi-dimensional Digital Arctic to address challenges around the integration and use of land and marine geospatial information is critical. This project will explore how geospatial standards can be leveraged to help and eliminate/reduce such challenges and identify potential opportunities for coastal communities, ecosystems, and economic activities in the Arctic environment.
The primary objective is to demonstrate how geospatial standards can better support the interoperability of land and marine geospatial data for a Digital Arctic. The work shall develop a proof-of-concept design that can be extended to an operational implementation by any jurisdiction. The proof-of-concept shall be structured such that it can be extended in future to cover more diverse scenarios with minimal modification.
This will be achieved through the investigation, development, and implementation of standards that can enable solutions for geospatial information discovery, access, management, sharing, predictive analytics, and use required to support decision-making by diverse stakeholders. To limit the scope of this effort the project will focus on a coastal sensitivity to climate change use case in the Arctic; however, outcomes will inform approaches for a variety of activities requiring integration of land and marine geospatial information.
In particular, the development and use of modern geospatial standards, such as OGC API standards, will be explored to facilitate the integration of land and marine geospatial data within the Digital Arctic. Work will evaluate if existing modern standards frameworks are sufficient to support Canada’s requirements related to Digital Arctic geospatial data integration and, if found to be sufficient, demonstrate implementation within the context of the project use case. If current standards approaches are determined to not be sufficient, the project will outline recommended standards-development activities.

2.2.1. Scenario

Climate change has severe consequences on the Arctic environment such as increased sea levels, accelerated warming through shorter sea and land ice periods, thawing permafrost, etc. The overarching goal of the scenario development and exploration work is both to demonstrate interoperability with state-of-the-art concepts and technologies, and to develop design, setup, and maintenance guidelines for a Digital Arctic.
Participants are invited to develop demonstration scenarios that show how data can be discovered, accessed, used, and reused, shared, processed, analyzed, and visualized. Each Participant should propose a scenario based on the corresponding research questions and requirements listed below in a climate change scenario in the Arctic with emphasis on coastal sensitivity.
Under the leadership of the OGC, the scenario will be developed in close collaboration between the Participants and the Sponsor (Natural Resources Canada). The Sponsor is invited to include additional stakeholders (e.g., from other groups within Natural Resources Canada or other public administration units) to participate in the scenario definition process. The scenario may be extended or modified based on input from Participants.
The scenario will drive the proof-of-concept of modern geospatial standards implementation whose framework can be operationally used by the Sponsor and Arctic stakeholders to enable streamlined geospatial information discovery, access, availability and cataloging for land and marine geospatial information. To support this requirement, the scenario may be broken into multiple sub-scenarios, all serving and contributing to the primary objective of a comprehensive proof-of-concept study.

  • Area of Interest: The area of the interest for this thread is any location in the Canadian Arctic and/or Circumpolar Arctic. All scenarios shall be located in the Arctic.

  • Data Sources and Services: The scenario will include aspects such as the discovery and integration of land and marine geospatial information from multiple sources, explore integration challenges with existing services with a particular focus on the current paradigm change from all-purpose Web services to modern, customer-focused Web APIs, and may explore new integration concepts such as Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS).
    With respect to data, the scenario will include data from a wide range of suppliers, such as:

    • Sentinel, Landsat, WorldView, RADARSAT, etc.

    • Weather and climate data - e.g., Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Canadian Ice Service and GeoMet Weather Service

    • Argo oceanographic data

    • Arctic Spatial Data Infrastructure (Arctic SDI) data and services

    • Arctic Data Committee services

    • Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO) sensor data

    • European Space Agency Polar Thematic Exploitation Platform (PolarTEP)

Details about data will be agreed upon between Sponsor, Participants, and OGC. In any case, several satellite data, in-situ sensors, and analytical sources will be part of the scenario. Automated and manual data discovery will enable the integration of data. The applied processes will take multi-lingual interfaces and metadata into account and cover a wide spectrum of statistical to spatiotemporal analysis services. To further advance dynamic discovery processes and semantic interoperability, the scenario will include linked-data concepts and principles. The goal is to better understand and demonstrate how linked data mechanisms can help design and operate services that foster the consumption of related data from corresponding environments, such as marine, climate, weather, and land data.
Though the state-of-the-art paradigm to serve data is in the form of Web APIs, the scenario needs to support various sources and interfaces. As such, it will align Web APIs with Government of Canada Standards on APIs, existing sources such as Arctic SDI and other platforms, and explore the usability of directly accessible cloud-native resources.
Participants shall support loading data to the service instance to make it available in a format supported by the OGC client instances. Alternatively, the server instances may proxy existing, non-standard compliant data services to provide a standards-based API.

  • Data Client: The scenario will be demonstrated with client applications that demonstrate the integration concepts and applied analytics. These clients will be compliant with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) version 2.1. Ideally, demonstration clients support a variety of platforms, such as in-browser clients, desktop applications, or mobile applications. The clients serve as integration points for all elements that are part of the scenario.

  • Persistent Demonstrator: The demonstration itself will be made available persistently in the form of demonstration material. Individual components of the demonstration will be made available in the form of deployable software containers as much as possible, though are subject to further discussions between the OGC and the Sponsor to respect data and software licensing aspects that are outside of OGC’s control.

  • Scenario Requirements: Each scenario shall demonstrate what is currently possible and what gaps are experienced with the resources that can be discovered on the Internet. In the context of the scenario developments, the following questions shall be answered by each Participant:

    1. What data do I need for my scenario (ideally)?

    2. Can I find all the data I need?

    3. Was sufficient metadata provided that helped during the discovery phase (include metadata for the services as well as for the data as such)?

    4. From what I found, can I access the data directly or are there any obstacles to data access?

    5. Can I access the subset of data that I am interested in?

    6. Can data or analytical services be streamed via a known standard or specification?

    7. Is it possible to process the data online, or do I need to download and process locally?

    8. What standards are used for data discovery, access, and processing interfaces?

    9. What data formats are offered?

    10. How complete is the data, e.g. with regard to spatial or temporal extent?

    11. How difficult is it to integrate the data into an analysis and visualization environment?

    12. What is my overall experience developing the scenario?

    13. How would this be packaged for a senior executive?

    14. How may communities with very low bandwidth participate?

During the course of the pilot, all Participants will work together to integrate their individual scenarios. All experiences made during the development and implementation phase of the scenario(s) will be captured in a single ER. All Participants will contribute their text material that includes sub-scenario documentation as well as experiences made and lessons learned during all phases of scenario development.

2.2.2. Detailed Requirements

This Pilot initiative shall address the following requirements for the Digital Arctic concept:

  • Challenging the OGC community to explore the practicalities related to the Digital Arctic concept.

  • Testing implementations of both OGC APIs and IHO S.1xx standards for a climate change scenario located in the Arctic.

  • Demonstration of software and standards capabilities using deployed service instances and client applications.

  • Influencing the standards development communities in IHO, OGC, and ISO to ensure fit for purpose curation/development of standards.

  • Supporting continued overall work by IHO, OGC, UN-GGIM, and ISO.

  • The demonstration scenario shall include aspects such as:

    • data acquisition gaps in the land-sea interface or transition areas.

    • data integration challenges due to horizontal and vertical object misalignments.

    • data integration challenges due to conflicting data models and characteristics.

  • Gain immediate insight into the potential of existing modern geospatial standards frameworks for supporting diverse activities requiring land and marine geospatial data and sensor information.

  • Identify potential improvements to or the creation of new geospatial standards to better enable land-marine geospatial data integration for activities within Canada and internationally.

  • Identify and demonstrate (where reasonable) strategies to improve Canada’s ability to support discovery, accessibility, sharing, and use of land and marine geospatial information.

  • Demonstrate how the developed proof-of-concept can be implemented in different operational environments (e.g., CCMEO, Arctic SDI), including temporal and analytical functionalities.

  • Understand how modern geospatial standards frameworks can improve Canada’s ability to collaborate with key partners domestically and internationally in support of land and marine activities.

  • Demonstrate the standards interoperability at the application level.

  • Explore how to sustain catalog(s) after the completion of the project.

  • Demonstrate the effects of climate change and a changing Arctic environment on inundation, coastal flooding, infrastructure (ice roads), wildlife migration corridors through time: land-sea ice-island (e.g., caribou) and oceans (e.g., marine mammals), food security, and ocean conditions (currents and salinity levels).

  • Mapping of coastal sensitivity to climate change and the impacts on local communities.

  • Investigating the role of vector tiles and style sheets across the land-marine interface.

  • Explore the role and value of heterogeneous data fusion using the emerging OGC Discrete Global Grid System API

  • Evaluate various Arctic Discrete Global Grid Systems for 3D data aggregation and integration

2.2.3. Research Questions

The following research questions complement the requirement listed above and serve as guiding principles for the execution of the Pilot initiative. They serve as a basis for the definition of the Digital Arctic scenario, although depending on the scenario characteristics and level of detail, it may not be possible to fully answer all research questions comprehensively.

  • What experiences have been made while working with data for sea, coastal, and land environments?

  • What data is needed to generate a complete scenario in the context of climate change and its impact on the Arctic? Were all these data readily available and could be integrated successful